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Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA〔 en-CA is the language code for ''Canadian English'' , as defined by ISO standards (see ISO 639-1 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) and Internet standards (see IETF language tag).〕) is the variety of English spoken in Canada. English is the first language, or "mother tongue", of approximately 19 million Canadians or 58% of the population, which is relatively low due to strong French (c. 22%) and allophone (non-English, non-French, 21%) population segments (based on 2011 Census data).〔(Handbook of World Englishes 2nd ed. In Press )〕 However, 28 million use English as their dominant language. 82% of Canadians outside Quebec speak English fluently, but within Quebec the figure drops to just 7.7% as most residents are native speakers of Quebec French.The vocabulary and spelling of Canadian English contains elements of British English and American English, as well as many unique Canadianisms. The phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon for many regions/areas in Canada are similar to that of the Western and Midland regions of the United States; in fact, linguist Charles Boberg concluded that "the English spoken in Canada is most closely related to the variety recognised around the world as 'General American'."〔Boberg, Charles (2004). "(Standard Canadian English )." In Raymond Hickey. ''Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World''. Cambridge University Press. p. 159.〕〔Labov, p. 222.〕 The Canadian Great Lakes region has similarities to that of the Upper Midwest & Great Lakes region, in particular Michigan (and its Upper Midwestern speech), which has extensive cultural and economic ties with Ontario, while the phonological system of western Canadian English is virtually identical to that of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and the phonetics are similar.〔Boberg, C: "Geolinguistic Diffusion and the U.S.-Canada Border", "Language Variation and Change", 12(1):15〕 As such, Canadian English and American English can be classified together as North American English, emphasizing the fact that the vast majority of outsiders, even from other English speaking countries, cannot distinguish Canadian English from most varieties of American English by sound. It should be noted, however, that "while a local East Anglian English speaker may confuse a Torontonian for an American, Canadians usually have little difficulty telling the one from the other."〔http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/canadian-english〕 In Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta, speech is influenced by French, with many English words being replaced by their French counterparts.〔 ==History== The term "Canadian English" is first attested in a speech by the Reverend A. Constable Geikie in an address to the Canadian Institute in 1857. Geikie, a Scottish-born Canadian, reflected the Anglocentric attitude that would be prevalent in Canada for the next hundred years when he referred to the language as "a corrupt dialect", in comparison to what he considered the proper English spoken by immigrants from Britain.〔Chambers, p. xi.〕 Canadian English is the product of four waves of immigration and settlement over a period of almost two centuries. The first large wave of permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and linguistically the most important, was the influx of Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States – as such, Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have derived from northern American English.〔"(Canadian English )." Brinton, Laurel J., and Fee, Marjery, ed. (2005). Ch. 12. in ''The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume VI: English in North America.'', Algeo, John, ed., pp. 422–440. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-26479-0, ISBN 978-0-521-26479-2. On p. 422: "It is now generally agreed that Canadian English originated as a variant of northern American English (the speech of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)."〕〔"Canadian English." McArthur, T., ed. (2005). ''Concise Oxford companion to the English language'', pp. 96–102. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280637-8. On p. 97: "Because Canadian English and American English are so alike, some scholars have argued that in linguistic terms Canadian English is no more or less than a variety of (''Northern'') ''American English''.〕 The historical development of Canadian English is underexplored, but recent studies suggest that Canadian English has been developing features of its own since the early 19th century,〔("New-Dialect Formation in Canada. (2008). Dollinger, Stefan. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 978 90 272 31068 6. On p. 279"〕 while recent studies have shown the emergence of Canadian English features.〔"Labov, Ash, Boberg. 2006. The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton, ch. 15.〕 The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada, who were worried about anti-English sentiment among its citizens. Waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910 and 1960 had a lesser influence, but they did make Canada a multicultural country, ready to accept linguistic change from around the world during the current period of globalization.〔Chambers, p. xi–xii.〕 The languages of Aboriginal peoples in Canada started to influence European languages used in Canada even before widespread settlement took place, and the French of Lower Canada provided vocabulary to the English of Upper Canada.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Canadian English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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